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Building structures are basic elements comprising urban landscape and a major source of landscape impairment at the same time. Accordingly, much effort is being put into building height, colors, shapes and materials. However, the public is limited in intervening in the management of individual buildings since they are private. Despite that, it is imperative to include private buildings in the discussion on urban landscape although they are private properties. Currently, building height is managed in a uniform manner under regulations for individual buildings within individual lots of land in the nation. While local governments are making much effort for landscape improvement, a majority of them are forced to plan and permit building construction case by case under current laws, unintendedly causing landscape impairment. A city is comprised of a great many of lots of land which locate building structures. Therefore, it is advisable to approach building height management at the city level, employing city-specific measures, instead of an approach to each individual building. In this point of view, it is necessary to provide a comprehensive plan from the urban perspective, rather than unilateral and uniform regulations. Only through this three-dimensional approach can the entire landscape of a city be enhanced. In brief, it is necessary to establish directions and principles for building height management which take into account what characterizes a city, instead of approaches and principles unilaterally suggested by central government agencies or local governments. Then, it is required to build consensus and reach an agreement on those directions and principles among the entire stakeholders including public workers, builders and local residents. With this backdrop, the study is intended to argue for the need and suggest directions towards a city-specific building height management, which is required for improvement and conservation of urban landscape. Based on this, the study intends to alter people's perception on building height management and formulate a consensus. To achieve the research objectives, the study reviews the current status and issues in the nation's building height management, along with laws and regulations involving building height management. Also, the study performs case studies on related issues of foreign cities. Based on this, the study provides directions towards policy and system improvement aimed at a city-specific building height management. The second chapter explores the current legal status of building height management in the nation, along with case studies as follows: Mt. Namsan and its neighborhood in Seoul where absolute height limits and special landscape planning are applied, Jinju City which has introduced absolute height limits and floor area ration regulations together, the Teheranro Avenue of Seoul for which maximum height of buildings for each avenue district is set, and Songdo New Town that has established a detailed plan for landscape. Currently, diagonal-line restrictions by lot, maximum building height for each avenue district, floor area ratio regulations, and elevation standard for cultural heritage conservation areas are employed for the management of building height in the nation. Besides, directions for height management are suggested in landscape-related planning, which are encouraged to be utilized through consultations and deliberations. These methods are being actually applied by means of a legal tool, the District Units Plan. However, they are creating problems as cases of wrong operations increase, where people employ the methods to ease building height regulations. In addition, current laws and regulations involving building height are limited to buildings within individual lots, which are dealt with pursuant to the Building Act. Furthermore, methods that make a urban approach easier are based on the Landscape Act which is legally unbounded. In brief, landscape improvement or skyline formation through building height management is greatly limited under the current legal system. In reality, it is difficult to control building height without strong regulations due to the public perception that building height is directly related to business value. However, to depend solely on legal tools including unilateral regulations would backfire among people. Therefore, what has to precede is to carry out a deliberative review on whether it is necessary to introduce building height management to the area concerned. Based on this, criteria should be provided that fully consider the characteristics of the city, and build a broad consensus on, finally reaching an agreement. For the area concerned, both regulatory and incentive tools should be provided to be flexibly applied during the process of building height management. However, prior to this approach, it is necessary to recognize the need for building height management at the city level. Also, the perception that urban skylines and other major landscape elements are public goods should become widespread. In other words, it is essential to change the perception that height restriction only impedes development of a city, infringes on private properties and lessens the business value. Chapter Three examines major cities overseas to explore what specific goals each city sets and how it approaches building height management according to the conditions and characteristics of the city concerned, in order to provide directions towards a city-specific building height management. First of all, the study investigates San Francisco and Sheffield, both of which put focus on building height management for unique skyline creation and management. San Francisco, which boasts of hilly areas and beautiful urban skylines, puts under management the scales and structures of buildings, skylines, and bird's eye view landscape, according to the Guidelines for Landscape Management under the Urban Design Plan, part of the Master Plan. In particular, the city establishes its urban plans by giving links between the height and floor area ratio of each building, and related design guidelines, as well as the purpose of each individual district in order to create beautiful skylines for the entire city. Sheffield, a typical industrial city of the UK in the past, began to show interest in urban skylines as part of the strategies for regeneration of decayed urban centers. In particular, in order to formulate unique skylines of its own, Sheffield began to review high-rises within the city, set the scope for the construction of skyscrapers of a 15 story or above, and made plans to differentiate shapes and designs of the buildings from one another. With famous landmarks spread in the center, London is an examplary city for a long-standing management of bird's eye view landscape. In particular, the city has in place the London View Management Framework, part of the Supplementary Planing Guidance that supports the London Plan. The Guidelines classify the London view into four categories including London Panorama, Linear View, River Prospect and Townscape. They are again divided into 26 views, for each of which specific landscape characteristics and management criteria are provided. For building height management aimed at conservation of natural landscape resources, the study examines Morioka and Kobe of Japan. First, Morioka with superb natural landscape resources promotes independent landscape policies to maintain and conserve such landscape characteristics. In particular, for the Bird's Eye View Landscape Conservation Area, the city has in place specific criteria for buildings by separately establishing the Building Design Guidelines for Securing of Mountainous Landscape. As people's interest and awareness of landscape grow following the recent increase in ultra high-rise buildings in the city, Kobe has established the 'Criteria to Encourage Kobe-like View.' Most of all, the criteria have been established through a three-year-long discussion with citizens and other stakeholders in order to encourage active participation and consensus building. Finally, Singapore has formulated the Urban Master Plan for effective land use, and manages building height according to the plan. Therefore, there does not exist regular height regulations, but for the entire Singapore specific height standards are provided in the Urban Master Plan. Individual projects are promoted according to the standards through consultations and deliberations. What is commonly provided in these example of foreign cities is the fact that reasonable and clear city-specific goals are set up and a variety of concrete tools are put in place to realize the goals. In particular, specific tools for the goals are reviewed under city-level solid plans and strategies, which lead overall regulations and guidelines to match one another. The methods are greatly specified and distinct, which successfully gives clear criteria for the stakeholders concerned upon decision-making or consultations. Based on the results of the review of domestic and foreign systems and policies for building height management and studies of related cases, directions towards a city-specific building height management can be suggested as follows; What has to be done first is to build a consensus on building height management aimed at urban landscape improvement. Specifically, it is important that a consensus be built on the fact that building structures themselves are major landscape elements of a city that have a public nature, and that they should be approached from the perspective of public interest, ahead of the argument that building height management infringes upon the right to private properties or restricts architectural freedom. Accordingly, the central government is required to provide a system to educate and support local governments so that they can be capable enough to independently promote building height management. Coupled with this, each local government is requested to set specific and practical policy directions in order to have their residents and other stakeholders recognize the importance of urban landscape being managed through building height restrictions while formulating a consensus on this. Second, it is important to forge directions and strategies for a city-specific and three-dimensional building height management. What is required most is a three-dimensional approach at the city level which takes into account the characteristics of the city concerned. A totalistic perspective is required so that height management can be reviewed through spatial planning linked to the management plan. Therefore, first each local government should establish directions and vision for a long-term and city-level building height management which are suitable for the characteristics of the city. Based on this more solid and clearer directions and criteria should be formulated. Lastly, a variety of systems should follow that will make it possible to effectively utilize in reality the vision and goals set for a city-specific building height management. In other words, diverse tools and approaches should be prepared to choose from depending on the characteristics and objectives of each city. They may take the form of either regulations or incentives. In addition, these systems should take easy and clear approaches which are comprehensible for everyone. In conclusion, what is the most important for building height management for the improvement of urban landscape is that the management be implemented according to the criteria and methods suitable for the purpose and characteristics of the city and region concerned. It is desirable that a three-dimensional system be constructed which provides links among floor area ratio, building-to-land ratio and building height, under long-term strategies or master plans for building height management at the city level. It is expected that this way it will become possible to manage and formulate urban landscape in a more positive and effective fashion than now. |